An improved characteristic based volume penalization method for the Euler equations towards icing applications

Immersed boundary methods (IBMs) are an interesting alternative to the usual body-fitted mesh approach when dealing with complex geometries as they allow simpler generation. The volume penalization method (an IBM) is commonly used for incompressible and compressible viscous flows but only one application inviscid can be found, which uses characteristic-based (CBVP) method. This penalizes Euler equations enforce a no-penetration velocity adiabatic wall while accounting curvature. A new based on CBVP proposed impose conservation of entropy total enthalpy in normal direction instead classical condition. two approaches compared numerically tested several cases: weakly flow around circular cylinder, subsonic NACA0012 airfoil challenging high curvature ice horn. found more accurate than coarser meshes better at retrieving attached curved geometries. paper concludes that suitable general aerospace applications beneficial icing simulations exhibit highly